My Writing Experience and Thoughts about Different Cultures Essay Example for Free

My Writing Experience and Thoughts about Different Cultures EssayFirst of all, I would like to talk about my writing experience. In China, primary students originally talk about the pictures in primary school. There is no particularly difficult theory in my memory, But when I was in high school, I found a primary school second conformation examination paper and I found articles particularly well written. I am surprised, I get so good at writing, but alike particularly well written.After, grade level increases, When I was in 5 Grade, the teacher asked me to keep a diary e actually day, but my mind is empty and I do non hunch over what to write. So I just wrote the diary about what happened each day. I was afraid of my teacher said that I cant write very well.Later, when I was in junior high school, I still dont know how to write and what should I write. I remember an unforgettable experience, it is a composition lessons. At that time, my Chinese language teacher ask me to write about the composition of spring as homework, I remembered that I fall in a book seems to be an article which was written about the spring in my drawer. Thats my cousins textbook when he was in high school, I usually read it if I have a spare time. Thus I opened the catalog and found this article, then I excerpt some well written sentences to complete the composition. When I trip up the article I accomplished, I wondered how beautiful sentences which I copied form the first paragraph, and it is also especially good at the last. I was so frightened, because I know that if I hand it to my teacher. Not only the teacher didnt believe I wrote, even I dont believe it. I should say I was lucky. She was not informed of this problem, but I felt so guilty. Later, I found that the author which I copiedthe original article from is a very famous writer in early China. I think my behavior is disrespectful to him. Since then, I had no interest in plagiarism and I began to write article al l by myself. I no longer have a copy of the composition, instead of learning their thoughts. Since that time, I concluded a truth, although the plagiarism is a bad behavior, it is also in the process of looking for good ideas. After that I read a lot of books and learned to analysis and appreciation. It laid the foundation for my future writing, this is a big harvest to me.In the United States, plagiarism is a very serious behavior of cheating, but this is very different to China, In China, language teachers ceaselessly promote students to learn from those who write a good article, even require students to recite those articles and then students can modify this article into their own article. This is a necessary process in China, a lot of good articles learned in class, the teacher will ask students to recite these articles . For me, writing in face is very different from writing in Chinese, although as a Chinese student I started to learn English when I was very young, and did a lot of English writing since primary school, but English is not my original language. Besides, the English wring practice in China is very limited. Specifically in the mildew of thought, Chinese and English are in widely vary. Many times, the sequence of grammar between Chinese and English is the on the opposite, so when we write in English, legion(predicate) sentences are called Chinglish. It is probably that whitethornbe many Chinese people can understand the mean but the Americans do not necessarily know the meaning of it. So, English Writing is such a challenge for me, here is the U.S., I wrote the article is not for the Chinese people, it is written for people here to read, I moldiness think the ways in Americanto let people here know what I say.So the most important thing I have to do is that I mustiness adapt to American life , and learn the way of thinking in American so quickly, then use the thinking of U.S. to writing. Only in this way, I can adapt to life better and complete my studies here . I chose the major of Business Management, so there may be a lot of writing about Business Management in my further study. So I must learn the writing skills and method well in this writing lesson,and then do a better writing in further courses of study.The differences of cultural may cause differences in students competency, which is reflected in the students between United States and China very clearly. In China all of the fellowship are imparted to students by teachers, Chinese students only need to remember the knowledge that their teacher told them. If you remember it exhaustiveyou can get a good grades in this course. In the United States , the teachers always train students to focus on the ability which they interested in, regardless of the students ideas are correct or not, as long as he has his personal reasons, it will be a good answer. In my opinion, Chinese students have a strong ability to remember so many things though, but they serious ne ediness the ability to think things independently and they lack the imagination. In the classthey are not good at expressing their ideas, because they always looking for the right answer, which could be widely recognized .There are also some differences in writing. In China, junior high school students have a same writing style, The teacher teach them to write with same skills and the limit of the article are almost same at all. Although I do not know the style of American students writing, but in my guess, their writing must have their own ideas. In my opinion, whether writing in Chinese or English , we must have our own ideas, Only in this way, articles will be more valuable.

Meiji Period Essay Example for Free

Meiji Period EssayMeiji means the enlightened rule in Japanese. In Japan the period from 1868 to 1912 is called Meiji Era?. (Meiji Period). The name Meiji was chosen by the young prince Mutsuhito, when he succeeded his father to the throne. During this period Japan emerged as a manhood political and scotch power. Japan underwent a surprising progress from medieval society to important and primary military power and economic power in Asia. During the Meiji period the emperor was only fifteen years old but he was fortunate to have a group of excellent advisors who brought amalgamation of eastern and western cultures. They adapted western ideas while retaining the importance of the east. During this period the government made all efforts to build up its military strength and progress economic status. The samurai warriors were the traditional military system in Japan. The samurai system was replaced by the essential military service. The army was trained by the Prussian and French instructors. In dickens study wars that is in Sino-Japanese war of 1894-95 against china and Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05 against Russia, the Japanese army proved its superiority.Japan has emerged as the strong new power in Asia after these two wars. The Government gave importance to the ideas and interests of farmers, samurai, merchants and former feudal estate owners. Foreign experts were employed in the fields of defense, industry, agriculture and transportation and their methods and practices were cautiously considered and adopted. Political and societal reforms were presumptuousness much importance during this period.Some of the reforms include declaration of religious freedom in 1873 the lunar calendar which was considered most important by the Japanese society was replaced by Gregorian calendar, introduction of the taxation system, freedom of trade, and freedom of land acquisition and in 1890 first elections was held for DIET. Along with this education was also given ut most importance and was made compulsory. The attendance at schools stood at ninety-eight percent by the end of the Meiji period. The Meiji era was a phase of strong emotions and composition reforms. The government intended to build Japan as a democratic country.Many of the Japanese scholars were sent to western countries to study languages and western science to make better the agrarian economy of Tokugawa Japan in to developed industrial sector. By means of huge governmental investments, the communication networks and transportation were developed. The first telegraph declivity was established between Yokahoma and Tokyo in 1869, a horse-drawn tramway system was introduced, national postal service was introduced in 1871the first steel bridge known as Azuma steel bridge was opened, in 1872, Meiji emperor opened the first train connection between Tokyo and Yokahoma.The powerful and large businesses in Japan known as zaibatsu were supported by the government to develop and support the industries and businesses. The period in 1880s also led to financial crisis callable to huge expenditures which led to the reform in the currency system and establishment of the Bank of Japan. The textile industry became the largest industry and grew faster in Japan until founding War II. In 1889 Japan established its first European style constitution.The emperor was top of the navy, executive, army and legislative power. During the Meiji period, Japan emerged as a major power and a developed country. Japan was changed totally by the western stone buildings which include deparment stores, banks and government sites. The Meiji period led to the economic boom and timeworn military power. REFERENCES 1. Meiji Period (1868-1912), Japan cultural profile, October 5, 2006. http//www. culturalprofiles. net/japan/Directories/Japan_Cultural_Profile/-13234. html

The Benefits of Obtaining High School Education Essay Example for Free

The Benefits of Obtaining High School Education EssayAttaining a laid-back tame is extremely semiprecious for various reasons. The most important reason for attaining high school education is to earn oneself a job. This is because employers need to be sure that the jobseeker has acquired as indicated in their certificate. Further, attaining a high school diploma is crucial in that it represents the mights and skills acquired by the student. By attaining this knowledge, the student is also prepared for various life situations. Students attain high school education because it is the channel by which they can achieve their personal and career goals. For most students who have passed high school, they find it relatively easy to get assenting into university and college. By pursuing high school, students a diploma which serves as proof that the student has passed in the relevant subjects.As such, institutions of higher learning seek to submit students who have been well prepare d through high school education. In the case of careers, most employers seek to hire students who have passed through high school. later passing through high school, students are made aware of work habits and job skills necessary for them to join the workforce. Of the many advantages gained for passing through high school, this qualification enables the former students to find and maintain jobs. Besides the basic education in reading, writing and education, vocational training is also provided to enable students gain skills necessary for do various tasks. Through an analysis of the relationship between high school education and work experience in future, it has been established that passing through high school prepares one to have a better labor market experience.

Factors influencing employee Affective Commitment

Factors influencing employee Affective CommitmentIn this era of globalization in that respect is a dynamic calling world which demands continuous intensify. Change in an administration is undeniable. Organizations have to make varys either due to external or internal factors. In the offset of adaptation of miscell whatsoever adaptive leader provides new exercises, responsibilities, values and the ways of working to his employees. No doubt it is quite uneasy for employees to adopt kind (Heifetz. R, Laurie, 2001). In order to manage these changes, gaining the solve of change focussing is in truth important for the success of brass instrument in the continuously changing business environment (Lowder, 2009).Change is defined as reservation something different in some picky way (Randle Flamholtz, 2008, p.3 ) Change is anything which is different from norms. Organizational change refers to activities associated with planning, designing, implementing and internalizing tool s, procedures, routines, processes, or systems that leave behind require people to perform their jobs differently (Mourier Smith, 2001, p.212). For successful implementation of change employees have to adopt new roles, new values, new proportionships and new approaches to work. at that place be many different types of changes on the instauration of different criteria. As Dunphy and Stace (as cited in Rafferty Simons, 2006) define four types of organisational changes, ne-tuning change, incremental adjustment, modular transformation and integrated transformation. Fine-tuning change means small changes adopted in the strategy, structure and the process of an organization.Background of the studyWhen leader applies change in an organization he should not only check the performance of the firm but also check that how much employees ar committed to change, because change has direct impact on employees (Heifetz.R. Laurie, 2001). If employees are committed they will support the change initiatives. Can lading to change be obtained and, if so, will that help the implementation efforts (Parish Cadwallader, 2008). in that respect is a need to understand how employees perceive change. How organizational change can be supported by employees consignment (Herscovitch Meyer, 2002). There is growing interest in estimating the role of employees commitment in the success of organizational change (Parish Cadwallader, 2008). To get employees commitment, leaders of an organization should understand the factors which enhance commitment to change.In Pakistan in that location are no significant question study conducted regarding change watchfulness. This study is conducted for sports goods manufacturing sector of Pakistan. In manufacturing sector transformational changes are usually considered to be capital intensive. In Pakistan sports goods manufacturing sector is labor intensive. So deuce fine tuning change and employee commitment can be measured in this sector by this study.Significance of studyThis study tries to explain the role of affective employee commitment for the success of organizational change. Basically this study is an attempt to fill the gap by adding new factors in the amaze which was proposed by majestic Mokwa, (1999) and then used by Parish Cadwallader, (2008). This study tests their model by adding new factors like self autonomy, trust in coworkers to add some knowledge in the literature. This study also provides factors responsible for successful implementation of fine tuning change in sports goods manufacturing sector of Pakistan.Broad Problem AreaIn Pakistan there is lack of research regarding change management practices. Major orbital cavitys in which change management has implemented are federal board of revenue of Pakistan and irrigation system of Pakistan. There is a need of change in sports goods manufacturing sector of Pakistan for its progress in all over the world .There is gap for measuring organizationa l change with respect to employee commitment to organizational change Parish Cadwallader, (2008) and this study fills up that gap by adding some new factors from different studies.Research accusativeMain objective of this study is to measure the factors which can influence employee affective commitment to fine tuning change in sports goods manufacturing organization of Pakistan.Delimitations of the studyDue to constraints of time, geographic area and little experience in the field of research this study limits itself to sports goods manufacturing organization in Sialkot.Literature reviewChange management is a painful process for almost any organization. In the form of change leaders and followers both take it as challenge. Changes in societies, markets, customers, competition, and technology around the globe are forcing to clarify their values, develop new strategies and learn new ways of operating (Heifetz, R. Laurie, 2001).Types of organizational changesThere are many types of organizational changes on the different basis Dunphy, Stace (as cited in Rafferty Simons, 2006) define four types of organizational change on the basis of level of change, content of change, and the impact of change. Level of change means either the change is on big level or small level. Content of change means either changes is due to external factor or internal factors. cardinal types of changes are four types of change including ne-tuning change, incremental adjustment, modular transformation and corporate transformation. Fine tuning changes are done on small level of an organization usually at departmental or divisional levels. Incremental adjustments are those which are not radical but direct modifications in firms strategy, structure and management process. Modular transformation refers to realignment of one or more departments or divisions. Corporate transformation refers to change that is done on corporate level and revolutionary in its impact. In many cases fine tuning c hange has positive and significant consequences as compare to other types. Employees are more adoptive and show commitment towards fine tuning change (Rafferty Simons, 2006).Employee commitmentThe extent to which a person identifies with and works toward organization-related goals and values (Noble Mokwa, 1999, p. 54). In the context of organizational change another definition is a might (mind-set) that binds an individual to a course of action deemed necessary for the successful implementation of a change initiative (Herscovitch Meyer, 2002, p. 476).Affective, continuance and normative commitmentFor deeply understanding the concept of commitment, Meyer Allen, (1991) gave a three component model having three categories of employee commitment, affective, continuance and normative commitment Meyer Allen, (1991) defines affective commitment (AC) as employees aroused attachment to, identification with, and involvement in the organization in other words employees stay with a rm be cause they want to. Continuance commitment (CC) means that the employee is actually much aware about the cost to leave the organization in other words employees stay with a firm because they need to. Normative commitment (NC) means feeling of obligation to continue employment in other words employees stay with a firm because they ought to. some categories of commitment were also discussed by Bennett, (2000) in different way.Three psychological bases for organizational attachment are compliance commitment, identification commitment and internalization commitment. Compliance commitment (continuance commitment) means the employees are committed to the organization because there are spirited monetary and social costs to leave the organization. Identification commitment (affective commitment) is commitment based on an stirred up bond with the organization and the persons desire to be affiliated with the organization. Internalization commitment (Normative commitment) is internalized n orms shared with the organizations goals, values and mission. When change affects an organizations core values employees internalized organizational commitment will be eroded. Since internalized commitment can be associated with other behaviors key to the change process this can have serious implications to an organization (Bennett, 2000).On the basis of in a higher place three components model of commitment Herscovitch Meyer, (2002) proposed a three-component model of commitment to organizational change and suggested that it has advantages similar to those demonstrated in the organizational commitment literature (e.g. meliorate ability to predict employee behavior). Therefore, affective commitment to change refers to a desire to support a change continuance commitment to change is based on recognition that there are costs associated with resisting change, and normative commitment to change reflects a awareness of obligation to be supportive. To measure the employees commitment to change there are different factors proposed by several researchers. Some of them are discussed here.Factors influencing employee commitment to organizational changeParticipationEmployee connection refers to a process in which inuence is shared among individuals who are hierarchical unequals. In participation process subordinates equally share decision making authority with their superiors (Wagner, 1994). Many researchers have found that employee participation in decision making process is very important for the success of change as it reduces the resistance to change. Participative management encourages employees to participate in the process of making those decisions which directly affect their working environments ( Erturk. A, 2008). In many organizations change process badly failed because top management not intricate their employees in the change process decisions. Lack of employee participation leads to unawareness of change so middle and lower level employees could not ma nage themselves with change. Employees dont get enough time to socialize themselves with change (Stanleigh, 2008). Employee participation not only provides task clearance but also gives self satisfaction and learning to employee. Employee participation can be used as tool by which top management can reduce resistance to change (Tonnessen, 2005). Participation increases the job performance by reducing role fight and role ambiguity (Rafferty Simons, 2006). From above point of views I can propose that there is positive alliance in the midst of employee participation and employee commitment. think in superiorsTrust has been dened as the willingness of a party to be vulnerable to the actions of another party based on the expectation that the other will perform a particular action even in the absence of monitoring or controls (Mayer, Davis, Schoorman, 1995 Rafferty Simons, 2006). Trust in seniors decreases the fear of change and manage the mindset of employees (Cheramie, 2008). Basi cally changes are initiated and operate by senior organizational leaders and employees take these changes as a risk for themselves (klein, 2004) in such situation trust in top management is very much important to keep the employees on the correct track by telling them the benefits of change. I propose that that there is a positive relation between trust in top management leaders and employees job commitment.Role autonomyRole autonomy refers to the degree to which employees experience freedom, independence and discretionary decision making in terms of scheduling their work, selecting their equipment they will use, and deciding on procedures to follow (Graham Nafukho, 2007). When employees report high level of autonomy they believe they are able to act independently and control their own work. Role autonomy refers to the extent to which one has freedom to make job decisions and adjust behaviors accordingly (Noble and Mokwa, 1999). A manager who grants employee autonomy is perceived as sharing control. Under conditions of greaterAutonomy, employees tend to have greater commitment to change (Tonnessen, 2006). Employees who have a sense of autonomy about their role in implementing workplace change initiatives they will develop commitment to change. I propose that there is positive relation between employee role autonomy and employees commitment to change.Trust In coworkersAnother factor which can be linked with employees commitment to change is an individuals trust in his coworkers. Researchers argued that high level of trust within a work mathematical group leads to better understanding of task, improved performance, high level of corporation within work group and psychological satisfaction (May, Gibson, Harter, 2004). When there is high level of trust within there is low stress and tension which increase the innovation and performance of employees (Spector Jones, 2004). When any change comes in the system work group with high level of trust can better under stand and response to that change Stanleigh, (2007) explored the relationship of organizational justice and trust for implementing change. They investigated the nature of trust through depth interviews of employees. They found that there is a little difference between trusting and mistrustful employees perceptions of allocatable justice. They claimed that employees who experienced trusting emerged to receive an emotion of being respected and esteemed from their societal relations with top management.Job motivationMotivation is an energizing force with implications for employees behavior (Meyeret al., 2004). We believe that job motivation also influences attitudes. Specifically, it has implications for employee commitment to organizational change. In fact, there is a growing body of literature that supports the positive relationship between job motivation and employees attitudes toward change (Coopey Hartley, 2004). Paton and McCalman (2006) argued that organizational success is ge nerated by motivated people. Furthermore, the greater the job motivation the greater the likelihood of employee commitment to the organization and to organizational change (Mathieu and Zajac, 2007 Thorsurd, 2002). Thus, I propose that employees experiencing high job motivation develop employee effective commitment.Outcomes of employee commitment to organizational changeThere are very few research studies in which researchers attempt to link employee affective commitment with organizational outcome. According to Meyer and Allen, (1991) affective commitment is positively associated with organizational outcomes by development importance, scope, and support from senior management as a factors influencing employees commitment. On the basis of model presented by Noble and Mokwa, (1999) and further used by Parish and Cadwallader, (2008) this study suggests two outcomes of employee commitment to organizational change and these are Perceived implementation success and soulfulness learning. Perceived implementation successNoble and Mokwa , (1999) identified implementation success as a primary outcome of commitment to a change and defined it as the extent to which an implementation effort is considered successful by the organization. Although researchers oftentimes evaluate strategic success from the viewpoints of managers Noble and Mokwa, (1999), it is valuable to consider nonmanager perspectives as well. Implementation can be effective only when employees are committed (Paton McCalman, 2000). In fact, Conner and sPatterson, (2001) labeled the lack of employee commitment as the most prevalent factor contributing to failed change projects. I propose that affective employee commitment to change is positively related with implementation success.Individual learningLearning has been defined as a knowledge-creation process in which information interpretation leads to a change in behaviors (Lehesvirta, 2004). Learning is part of the change process. For example Gibb and Scot t, (2003) found that firms change by solving problems as they arise and by learning from the problem-solution process. Employees committed to change efforts are more likely to learn from the process. Loyal employees want to contribute to and see the results of their efforts, and they can do so through learning Teare and Rayner, (2002).When employees learn from being involved in an organizational change, they consider that learning to affect the success of the implementation. I propose that affective employee commitment to change is positively related with individual learning.Proposed modelEmployee participationRole autonomyTrust in senior leadersJob motivationEmployee affective commitment to fine tune changeIndividual learningImplementation successEmployee affective commitment to fine tune changeImplementation successIndividual learningLimitation of the studySome limitations of this study that could lead to future research are following. For this study data gathered from sports good s manufacturing organization of Pakistan. The same study can also be conducted for operate sector of any country. Model of study emphasis on fine tuning change and employee effective commitment it can further expand by adding two other types of employee commitment change, continuance and normative commitment. Other factors which could influence are organizational culture and leadership style.

History of China-Taiwan relationship

History of China-Taiwan relationshipTaiwan has been a part of the ancient China since NanSong Dynasty ( about 960 A.D.), During the Chinese civil war from 1945 to 1949, Republic of China (ROC)s politics party, thus, KuoMinTang (KMT) evacuated to Taiwan Island and relocated the national government in Taipei, while the winner, Chinese Communist Party (CCP), has established the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) in Beijing. Both split has been claiming that they are the only lawful representative of China, however, ROCs losing of its seat in get together Nation in 1971 (replaced by PRC) and the effective isolating ROC (Chen, 2006, p110) plan squeezed ROCs international spaces significantly. The United States troop firstly joined the KMT army in 1950s Taiwan Crisis (defined as Taiwan liberating battle by CCP) that has prevent Taiwan from unified by CCP and they then pass singed the Mutual Defense Treaty in the midst of the USA and ROC in 1954 followed by the Taiwan Relation Art in 197 9, the law modulate the US-Taiwan relationship after their termination of the official diplomatic relations( Wang, 2010). The US does not accept PRCs claims to sovereignty over Taiwan and CCPs definition of One-China policy and acts as the complement supporter for Taiwans defensive attitude capability. As a result, at that place is challenge for China and Taiwan making political and military cooperation. Due to the lack of bilateral interactions, harmonise to Saunders, (2005), there was change magnitude differences between national identities for both parts that posed barriers for further communication.Theory of Security DilemmaBeing one of the most of import ideas in the international hostage world, the certification measures predicament theory analyses how two countries or regions interact with apiece former(a), and the situation of auspices predicament (should be different from the term security dilemma theory) describes the situation of two states or regions witho ut offensive intentions that get into puzzle when both of them are seeking more security guarantees, in other words, the security dilemma is a crucial process which destabilises the existing balances of authority that may finally failed to maintain a secure international order(30 Cerny, 2000). Seen from the long number of academic works which helped to explain the major political events like the First World War and the Cold War, the security dilemma is deployed to explain more international affairs in contemporary world.Definition of Security DilemmaIn short, in this thesis, the security dilemma could be summarized by Alan collins(when) states construct defensive measures to protect themselves, they can inadvertently augur to neighboring states that they might harbour expansionist goals. The scenario represents a deteriorating relationship based upon misperception, where, beca engagement the statesmen must provide for their states take security, a spiraling process of tension and arms procurement occurs. It is a tragedy, neither intends the other harm but, because they do not know this, their relationship deteriorates (Collins 1997, 23).To direct a more rigorous understanding for the concept, Tang,(2009), mentioned eight major points for security dilemma.1The ultimate source of the security dilemma is the anarchic nature of international politics.33 22Under anarchy, states cannot be certain about distributively others present and future intentions. As a result, states tend to fear each other (or the possibility that the other side may be a predator).34 3The security dilemma is unintentional in origin a genuine security dilemma can exist only between two defensive realist states (that is, states that merely want security without intending to threaten the other). 4Because of the uncertainty about each others intentions (hereafter, uncertainty) and fear, states resort to the accumulation of originator or capabilities as a means of defense, and these cap abilities inevitably contain some offensive capabilities. 5The dynamics of the security dilemma are self-reinforcing and often racetrack to (unintended and bad) spirals such as the worsening of relationships and arms races. (6) The dynamics of the security dilemma tends to make some measures for increasing securityfor example, accumulating unnecessary offensive capabilitiesself-defeating more power but less security. 7The brutal cycle derived from the security dilemma can lead to tragic results, such as unnecessary or avoidable wars. (8) The severity of the security dilemma can be regulated by both hearty factors and psychological factors. (Tang, 2009)According to Tang,(2009) among all the eight points, uncertainty and fear generated in the anarchy structure, malign intention from both sides and accumulation of power are the trio essential aspects while others points are not sufficient to construct the security dilemma. Similar to tang, Alan Collins has also concluded three feat ures of security dilemma, which are interchangeable suspicion, benign intentions and undesirable options. (Lee, 2009) On the third points, apart from building up the material capabilities, Collins has mentioned another scenario of the states reaction that if policy-makers decide to do nothing to reassure other states, this will also bring the state into risk by presenting a window for others to exploit any weakness(1122Lee, 2009). Collins idea is corresponding to Booth and Wheelers (2008,p4) explanation of a dilemma of response which refers to when faced with military build-up in the counterpart state, decision-makers have bother in choosing a reassuring or a deterrent reaction. In sum, no matter what actions the sates take, there is a big chance of a vicious circle that decreases the security level for both sides.The Review of Security Dilemma StudyIn this section, first, in order to have a more panoptic understanding, there is a brief review of the academic works on the securit y dilemma security study and second, have a look at the factors which affect the severity of security dilemma. The development of security dilemma could be regarded as a process of academic debate on whether the security dilemma could be mitigated in the anarchic international conditions. The earliest literatures under offensive realism have argued that there is an irreducible conflict between defensive states when they ask for more security because of the uncertainty. However, defensive realists, such as Robert Jervis, thinks the security dilemma could be mitigated when, under certain condition, both states successfully signal their benign intention to each other and then make a long-term cooperation(Jervis, 1796, p81). The constructivist approach strengthens the dialogue among policymakers which assign new connotations to the material factors that intensify the security dilemma.The offensive realism, coined by tail Mearsheimer (Booth and Wheeler,2008,p35), or the fatalist logic o f insecurity concluded by Booth and Wheeler, refers to ensuring one states own security by pursuing the overwhelming power (Mearsheimer, 2007), and policy makers must adopt worst-case scenario assumptions when to interpret others intention. As a result, there is an inescapable security competition between states and cast ups the risk of war.Though the writings of John Herz and Herbert Butterfield were before the came out of the term offensive realism, they are holding a same conclusion (Tan, 2007) John Herz has first coined the term security dilemma in 1950, (Herz, 1950), the key passage about how the security dilemma leads to the security paradox as follow lawless society has exitedGroups and individuals who live alongside each other without being organized into a higher unity . . . must be . . . concerned about their security from being attacked, subjected, dominated, or annihilated by other groups and individuals. Striving to attain security from such attacks, they are driven t o acquire more and more power in order to escape the effects of the power of others. This, in turn, renders the others more insecure and compels them to prepare for the worst. Because no state can ever feel wholly secure in such a world of competing units, power competition ensues, and the vicious circle of security and power accumulation is on. (b1,p22 Herz, 1950, p157)In Herzs primal argument, it is the fear of being attacked and self-preservation that drives the state to maximise its power, while the human nature of peace or aggression does not matter so much to the security dilemma. Though did not speak explicitly, Herzs security dilemma is unintentional since it arises from states accumulation of power due to fear and uncertainty. Moreover, in his 1951 work, Herz explored the relationship between power and security dilemma. (Herz, 1952, p200) by noting that they works with more drastic force and in a more brutal form without the supervising power. Meanwhile, the British histo rian Herbert Butterfield use the phrase irreducible dilemma(Butterfield cited in Booth and Wheeler,2008,p27) to describe a similar situation. Butterfield suggests that statesmen would be virtuous and may not use a harmful style to grantee their national interests. However, there is a tragic element in human conflict, thus fear and suspicion, that makes states fail to know each others counter-fear and regard others subsequent reactions to those fears as sign of aggression(Lee,2009), consequently, conflicts would break out. Robert Jerviss plenty work on security dilemma has brought it to the mainstream though there is lack of a systematic definition. According to Tang,(2009), from different places, Jervis defined the security dilemma as follow under the defensive intentions, a states action to increase its security would threaten the other state and then result in undesired consequence. Jervis emphasises the anarchic context of international relations and thinks human nature would ha ve little effect on the security dilemma. Jerviss spiral model,which generally refers to the pursuit of self-defeating power by status quo states(Tan, 2007) is a find work in the security dilemma studies. One breakthrough made by Jervis, according to Tan, (2007), is that he thinks there is possibility for states under security dilemma situation to move escape the fatalist logic of insecurity by perceive the defensive intention from each other.

Creatio ex Capacitas and Creatio Continua: When having Power just isnt Enough :: Essays Papers

Creatio ex Capacitas and Creatio Continua When having Power just isnt EnoughIn the beginning when theology created the celestial sphere and the earth, the earth was a formless void and darkness covered the face of the deep . . . Then paragon said, Let in that respect be sporting and thither was light. (Genesis 11-2a 3 NRSV).The biblical passage above has been the subject of much postulate in light of not only how God created, only likewise as to out of what He created. There argon two main camps in this debate those who affirm creatio ex nihilo and those who affirm panentheism. Both tattle of Gods almighty creativity expressed through the generation of new modes of organism. Creatio ex nihilo advocates claim that God did this out of nothing creating all things out of absolutely nothing. Panentheists purport that God created by influencing a realm of non-divine actualities. These non-divine actualities are comprised of moments of experience, which have always been, and these actualities present the options from which the next moments are created. Panentheists believe a realm of actualities has always existed alongside God, although the individual actualities themselves are neither eternal nor do possess any divine exponent in, or of, themselves. Those on both sides of this debate profess God to be a sovereign, holy, omnipresent, and a personal being who interacts with the loving intent of bringing about the most possible good for all creation. The discrepancy in the debate is shew in the different views of how this goal is carried out. As a result, some of the attributes of God are conceived differently in particular Gods love and omnipotence, and free creaturely result to God. Those professing creation ex nihilo come under fire by those who ask the question what is nothing? This question cannot be ignored, because, while it endows God with numberless power over creation by showing Him to be the sole actor in creating, creatio ex nihilo seems par adoxical. Or as Peter Van Inwgen hypothesises, To say that there is nothing is to say that there isnt anything, not even vast emptiness. If there were a vast emptiness, there would be no material objective lens - no atoms or elementary particles or anything made of them - but there would nevertheless be something the vast emptiness (Qtd. Creation Out of Nothing Lodahl. 2). Critics notice panentheists for affirming the existence of a realm of non-divine actualities.Creatio ex Capacitas and Creatio Continua When having Power just isnt Enough Essays PapersCreatio ex Capacitas and Creatio Continua When having Power just isnt EnoughIn the beginning when God created the heavens and the earth, the earth was a formless void and darkness covered the face of the deep . . . Then God said, Let there be light and there was light. (Genesis 11-2a 3 NRSV).The biblical passage above has been the subject of much debate in light of not only how God created, but also as to out of what He created . There are two main camps in this debate those who affirm creatio ex nihilo and those who affirm panentheism. Both speak of Gods omnipotent creativity expressed through the generation of new modes of existence. Creatio ex nihilo advocates claim that God did this out of nothing creating all things out of absolutely nothing. Panentheists purport that God created by influencing a realm of non-divine actualities. These non-divine actualities are comprised of moments of experience, which have always been, and these actualities present the options from which the next moments are created. Panentheists believe a realm of actualities has always existed alongside God, although the individual actualities themselves are neither eternal nor do possess any divine power in, or of, themselves. Those on both sides of this debate profess God to be a sovereign, holy, omnipresent, and a personal being who interacts with the loving intent of bringing about the most possible good for all creation. The d iscrepancy in the debate is found in the different views of how this goal is carried out. As a result, some of the attributes of God are conceived differently in particular Gods love and omnipotence, and free creaturely response to God. Those professing creation ex nihilo come under fire by those who ask the question what is nothing? This question cannot be ignored, because, while it endows God with unlimited power over creation by showing Him to be the sole actor in creating, creatio ex nihilo seems paradoxical. Or as Peter Van Inwgen says, To say that there is nothing is to say that there isnt anything, not even vast emptiness. If there were a vast emptiness, there would be no material object - no atoms or elementary particles or anything made of them - but there would nevertheless be something the vast emptiness (Qtd. Creation Out of Nothing Lodahl. 2). Critics criticize panentheists for affirming the existence of a realm of non-divine actualities.

easy rider: a pursuit of American identity Essay -- essays research pa

Easy Rider An Epic journey into the unknownFor the American dreamEasy Rider is the new-fangled 1960s "road hit" tale of a search for emancipation (or the illusion of freedom) and an identity in America, in the midst of paranoia, bigotry and violence. The story, of learnmakers Fonda/Hopper creation, centers around the self-styled, counter-cultured, neo-frontiersmen of the painfully fashionable late 60s. As for the meaning of Easy rider, Peter Fonda (Wyatt) said in an interview with Rolling Stone magazine, it is a southern term for a whores old man, not a pimp, but a dude who lives with a chick. Because hes got the easy ride. Well, thats whats happened to America, man. Libertys start out a whore, and were whole taking an easy ride . However, their journey is far from an easy ride it is a unsettling, frightening and revealing experience round up in self-destruction.Introduction to Easy Rider (1969)Easy Rider is a counter-cultural, experimental, independent film for the al ternative youth/cult market, with sex, drugs, casual violence, reflecting the fragmentise of the idealistic 60s. The film does not have a clear plot, and its artistic merit is also doubtful, as a film critic Peter Biskind said, It had humble background or historical development of characters, a lack of typical heroes, uneven pacing, jump cuts and flash-forward transitions between scenes, an improvisational style and mood of acting and dialogue, background brandish n roll music to complement the narrative, and the equation of motorbikes with freedom on the road rather than with delinquent behaviors.However, it presents an image of the popular and historical culture of the time and a story of a contemporary but destructive journey by two self-righteous, drug-fueled, anti-hero bikers eastward through the American Southwest. Their trip to Mardi Gras in bleak Orleans takes them through limitless, untouched landscapes including Monument Valley, various towns, a hippie commune, and a g raveyard. However, they inevitably encountered local residents who are narrow-minded and hateful of their long-haired freedom and use of drugs. Extremely successful and low-budget, this film has won the 1969 Cannes Film Festivals award for the Best Film by a new director. The film also received two Academy Award nominations Best Original Screenplay, and Best Supporting Actor for Jack Nicholson in ... ...ay, but instead of rest and enlightenment, they experienced confusion and disillusion. At the end of the movie, the two protagonists experience hallucinatory emotions, where we can see intense colors, kaleidoscopic swirls, and distorted shapes and forms. They search for enlightenment, while inveighing agsint elegances hypocrisy and brutality. Their rootless, drifting pursuit of the American dream and the promise of sex, drugs, and rock n roll has been questionably successful, dissatisfying, transitory and elusive. Wyatt believes there may have been another(prenominal) less destruc tive, less diversionary, more spiritually fulfilling way to search for their freedom rather than selling hard drugs, taking to the road and being sidetracked, and wasting their lives. For all its counter cultural reflections, the movie does not portray the youthful movement uncritically, rather it provides an ambiguous ending, implying that excesses, even counter cultural ones, can be unwholesome and destructive. David Hopper also defines this film as anti-counter cultural. The romance and dream of the American highway is turned menacing and deadlyXThey looked for America but couldnt assure it anywhere.